Forced Labour in Colonial Africa: Systems, Case Studies, and Historical Evidence

Introduction Between the late 19th century and the mid-20th century, European colonial powers introduced harsh forced labour policies across Africa to exploit resources such as rubber, cotton, gold, cocoa, and palm oil. Africans were forced to work on plantations, railways, mines, and roads. Most of times they worked without pay, under threats of violence, and brutal punishments. These systems destroyed local economies and caused famines and uprisings. In this article, we’ll see six major forced labour systems in Africa during colonial rule, using documented case studies and evidence. 1. The Quota Law – Congo Free State (Belgium) 1885 – 1908. King Leopold II ruled the Congo Free State as his personal property. He introduced the Quota Law, requiring each village to deliver a fixed monthly quota of rubber or ivory. Case Study: Équateur Province Rubber Exploitation. In the Équateur Province, the ABIR Company (Anglo-Belgian India Rubber Company) forced all villages to harvest wild rub...