History Forum TZ – Notes, Exams & Global history

Early Life: A Girl with Big Dreams Bibi Titi Mohammed was born in June 1926 in Dar es Salaam, during a time when girls were rarely sent to school. Her father, a traditional Matumbi Muslim, believed that education would lead her away from her faith. But after he passed away, her mother made a life-changing decision—she enrolled young Titi in school. That choice gave Bibi Titi the foundation to dream big, fight for women’s rights, and play a key role in Tanzania’s independence. Marriage and Motherhood At just 14 years old, Bibi Titi was married to a much older man. The marriage didn't last long, ending shortly after the birth of her daughter, Halima. As a mother, she was determined that her daughter would finish school before thinking of marriage, something she herself never got the chance to do. Later, she remarried twice, but both marriages ended in divorce. Her ideals, strength, and growing involvement in politics made it difficult for her to stay within the boundaries society exp...

  Some people have tried to bring the dead back into the world of the living by fascinating ways. These people, were  were not magicians or spiritual healers but scientists. Athough their experiments were controversial, they helped to shape lots of things from heart surgery to our modern understanding of what it means by "death." Below are three true stories on early attempts of resurrection in the field of science. 1. Giovanni Aldini: The Showman of the Dead. In 1803, a crowd gathered outside Newgate Prison in London to witness a miracle. A dead man was being brought back to life. The person to be ressurrected was George Forster, a recently executed murderer. The scientist was Giovanni Aldini, the man who had discovered "animal electricity." Aldini believed that if electricity could make a frog’s legs twitch, it could also revive the dead. He connected Forster’s corpse to a crude battery and let the current flow. Many people were suprised, The corpse's hands a...

Disclaimer:   This image is AI-generated for illustrative purposes and does not depict real people or events directly A human zoo was a type of public exhibition in which people, usually from colonized, indigenous, or non-Western societies, were displayed in a manner similar to animals in a zoo.  These exhibitions were popular in Europe, the United States, and other parts of the Western world from the 19th to early 20th centuries. The following are the stories of some individuals and groups who were subjected to these exhibitions; 1. Saartjie Baartman (1789-1815) Saartjie Baartman was a Khoikhoi woman from South Africa. She wa widely known as the "Hottentot Venus." She was taken to England and later to France, where she was exhibited as a curiosity because of her body’s physical features, especially her large buttocks. Sara Baartman was born in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. After the death of her fiancé and child, she moved to Cape Town, where she worked as a servant....

Disclaimer:   This image is AI-generated for illustrative purposes and does not depict real people or events directly. Some societies have been painfully eradicated from the world by human activities and actions or natural causes like disease. The decline of these communities sometimes marked the total end of cultures, civilizations and heritage. But in some instances, few of them had once survived before everything ended. The following are some of the last survivors of the lost communities; 1. Ishi – The Last of the Yahi (1861 - 1916) The Yahi tribe was about to go extinct during the California Gold Rush when Settlers, miners, and millitary groups conducted violent raids on Indigenous groups in the 19th century.  Ishi and a few remaining family members hid in the mountains for about 44 years, avoiding all contact with outsiders. In 1911, after living in isolation, Ishi moved out of the forest near Oroville, California. He appeared alone and weakened by starvation. Anthro...

Disclaimer:  This image is AI-generated for illustrative purposes and does not depict real people or events directly. In 2018, the world of science  and the  public  was suprised by  unknown Chinese scientist named He Jiankui, who announced that he had created the world’s first genetically edited babies.  The twin girls, known by the pseudonyms(not their real names) Lulu and Nana, were reportedly born with altered DNA intended to make them resistant to HIV.  He Jiankui (pronounced "Huh Jee-ahn-kway") was born in 1984 in a rural village in Hunan Province, China.  He earned his Ph.D. in biophysics from Rice University in the United States and later conducted postdoctoral work at Stanford University, where he became familiar with CRISPR, a powerful gene-editing technology. When he returned to China, He had an ambition, to be at the biotechnology. He set up a lab at the Southern University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen and began conducting res...

For many years, Africa has been a preserving  natural wealth like, gold, diamonds, oil, cobalt, copper, and rare earth minerals. But the continent that holds the world’s richest resources remains home to some of the poorest people. This has been caused by hurtful mineral treaties and contracts, signed during or after colonial rule, that  benefit foreign companies, mostly from Europe, North America, and, more recently, China.  These agreements  most of times lock African countries into unfair revenue-sharing, limited sovereignty, and environmental degradation.  So why can’t these nations just tear them up and use their own resources as they wish? 1. Binding Contracts and Investor Lawsuits Most of these mineral treaties are long-term contracts, about 25 to 99 years, and include Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) clauses.  That means if a country tries to change the terms, the company can sue in international tribunals. These courts are mostly based in L...

The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is known for frequent conflicts. Its eastern provinces, especially North Kivu, have experienced frequent wars, displacement, and humanitarian crises. Since the colonial period to CNDP to M23 Congo is still struggling to create a peceful world for its people. The CNDP: Seeds of a Rebellion (2006–2009) The National Congress for the Defense of the People (CNDP) was created in 2006. In the eruption of the Second Congo War, the conflict was reffered to as the " Africa’s World War " due to the involvement of many African nations and militias.  The peace agreement was signed in 2003, but the eastern Congo still remained unstable, troubled by ethnic rivalries, foreign interventions, and the presence of various armed groups. The CNDP was under the leadership of Laurent Nkunda, who was a former general in the Congolese army and a Congolese Tutsi.  The group claimed to be defending the Tutsi population in North Kivu from persecution and attacks...

Zoroastrianism is one of the world's oldest monotheistic religions, which offers an important spiritual and ethical worldview that gave birth to most of today’s major faiths.  With its roots dating back to over 3,000 years, this ancient Persian religion is believed to have influenced several other belief systems,  including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Though its followers are few today, Zoroastrianism’s legacy remains useful in the religious and philosophical traditions of the world today. Origins and History Zoroastrianism is believed to be founded by the prophet known as  Zarathustra , or Zoroaster , in ancient Persia, likely between 1500 BCE and 1000 BCE. While exact dates vary, scholars agree that Zoroaster lived during the time of significant religious transformation. According to believers, prophet Zarathustra is believed to have received a divine revelation from Ahura Mazda the "Wise Lord" the supreme deity of Zoroastrianism.  His teachings challenged t...

Disclaimer: This image is AI-generated for illustrative purposes and does not depict real people or events directly. Around 2,500 years ago, a prince who was born into luxury made a radical decision that  changed history. He left behind his royal life in search of something deeper, a truth that couldn’t be found in wealth or comfort.  This man came to be known not by his given name, but by what he became: the Buddha , or “The Enlightened One.” His life’s journey gave rise to Buddhism, a spiritual tradition that still guides millions of people around the world today. The Early Life of Siddhartha Gautama Siddhartha Gautama was born sometime in the 5th or 6th century BCE in Lumbini, in what is now Nepal.  His father, King Śuddhodana, ruled over the Shakya clan and wanted Siddhartha to become a great ruler. In order to shape his destiny, the king protected him from all forms of suffering, providing him with every  luxury inside the palace. But Siddhartha wasn’t satisfied...

The republic of Haiti is a country on the Hispaniola Island in the Caribbean sea. Its neighbours are Cuba and Jamaica on the west, Bahamas on the North and Dominican Republic to the East. Haiti is often associated with resilience in the time of problems.  This small nation challenged slavery and colonialism, changing the world history. Haiti’s story is not just about struggle, it's about triumph, courage, and the enduring will of a people determined to be free. Before the arrival of Christopher Columbus Before the coming of European, the Island of Hispaniola (now divided between Haiti and the Dominican Republic) was home to the Taíno, a peaceful  indigenous people. They farmed, fished, and lived in organized communities with rich oral traditions.  Everything changed when Christopher Columbus landed on the island during his first voyage to the Americas in 1492. The Spanish established dominance, bringing disease like small pox and forced labor. Within a few years, the Taín...