Colonialism and Imperialism are the two sides of the same coin. Justify.
Colonialism and Imperialism: Two Sides of the Same Coin.
Colonialism is a situation whereby a powerful nation dominates and controls a weaker nation politically, socially, and economically, establishing exploitative structures for its benefit.
Imperialism, also known as monopoly capitalism, was the highest stage of capitalism in Europe. It was characterized by expansionism, where powerful nations extended their influence over weaker ones to upgrade power and authority and maximize profits.
In most cases, imperialism gave birth to colonialism.
Although colonialism and imperialism differ slightly in approach, their features and impacts are largely the same.
- Imperialism involves conquering a weaker state and making it part of a stronger nation, creating one expanded country. For example, Hitler’s expansion into Poland.
- But colonialism involves a powerful nation conquering a weaker, separate state and turning it into a colony, such as the British colonization of various Asian and African countries.
Therefore, we can say that imperialism and colonialism are like two sides of the same coin. Despite being different in execution, they have similar characteristics and effects on the countries where they extend their power.
The following points justify this argument:
1. Exploitation of both Human and Natural Resources.
When a powerful nation dominates a weaker one, it exploits available resources such as minerals, cash crops, and human labor for its own benefit.
For example, during the colonization of Africa, European countries extracted minerals like gold, silver, and diamonds and used African labor for their own gain.
2. Loss of Political Freedom.
Colonized or dominated countries surrender their political control after being invaded.
For instance, France imposed political control over Senegal, while Britain did the same in South Africa, Northern and Southern Rhodesia, and Egypt.
These countries lost their political autonomy and came under foreign rule.
3. Loss of Trade Monopoly.
Colonized African nations lost control of their trade. A new system of trade, referred to as “legitimate trade”, was introduced, involving the importation of manufactured goods and the export of cash crops.
The new trade was controlled by Europeans and Asian middlemen. Prominent African traders like Mirambo, Samouri Touré, and Mkwawa lost their trade dominance after colonial rule was established.
4. Decline of Culture.
Imperialists imposed their own civilization on weaker countries. For example, the French introduced the assimilation policy, which aimed to convert Africans to French culture, affecting religion, clothing, education, and food.
This led to the deterioration of African cultural practices such as polygamy and traditional education, preparing Africans to be markets or consumers of the European products to fit into the newly introduced civilizations.
5. Decline of Indigenous Technology.
Colonial powers discouraged the development of local industries and instead, they introduced foreign manufactured goods, which replaced locally produced items in the market.
In some cases like that of Congo, Craftsmen had their hands chopped off to discourage them from competing with European technology.
As a result, local industries died and indigenous technology came to a standstill.
6. Dehumanization.
Imperialist powers considered themselves racially superior, leading to segregation, oppression, and mistreatment of colonized people.
In Africa, colonial authorities forced people to work under harsh conditions for long hours.
Some of those who resisted colonial rule were hanged in public like Abushiri bin Salim whi was captured and publicly hanged in Pangani in 1889, by the German forces.
Some were severely punished by being flogged or whipped. Women were subjected to various forms of abuse like raping and stripped naked.
Conclusion
Despite the negative impacts of colonialism and imperialism, a few positive effects can be noted.
These include the emergence of educated elites, the development of infrastructure such as roads and railways, and the introduction of social services like hospitals and schools.
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Establishment of colonialism
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